feat(linter): implement Phase 1 linter automation and docs

- Add .clang-tidy (analyzer + selected bugprone) and .clang-format (LLVM, 4-space, 100 cols)
- Enhance scripts/run-linter.sh to use compile_commands.json when available
- Add scripts/setup-hooks.sh pre-commit (format enforcement; advisory tidy)
- Update azure-pipelines.yml to export compile_commands and run clang-tidy -p build
- Fill docs/linter-setup.md and docs/coding-standards.md for Phase 1
- Add minimal tests in tests/test_main.cpp to ensure CI executes
- Rewrite README with Phase 1 workflow

.clang-format

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+BasedOnStyle: LLVM
+IndentWidth: 4
+TabWidth: 4
+UseTab: Never
+ColumnLimit: 100
+AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: Empty
+BreakBeforeBraces: Attach
+SortIncludes: CaseSensitive
+SpacesInAngles: Never
+PointerAlignment: Right
+DerivePointerAlignment: false